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Operating System ○꠹｜Definition｜1st｜20260110205401-00-⌔

Operating system - Wikipedia

Operating system

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.¹

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, peripherals, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,²³ although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.

As of November 2025, Android is the most popular operating system, with a 38% market share, followed by Microsoft Windows at 33%, iOS and iPadOS at 15%, macOS at 4%, and Linux at 1%. Android, iOS, and iPadOS are operating systems for mobile devices such as smartphones, while Windows, macOS, and Linux are for desktop computers.⁴ Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems (special-purpose operating systems),⁵⁶ such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. Security-focused operating systems also exist. Some operating systems have low system requirements (e.g. light-weight Linux distribution). Others may have higher system requirements.

Some operating systems require installation or may come pre-installed with purchased computers (OEM -installation), whereas others may run directly from media (i.e. live CD) or flash memory (i.e. a LiveUSB from a USB stick).

Printed 2026-06-28.

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Footnotes

1. Jia, Shian; Wang, Xinbo; Song, Mingli; Chen, Gang (15 November 2024). “Agent Centric Operating System – a Comprehensive Review and Outlook for Operating System”. arXiv:2411.17710 [cs.DC]. ↩

2. Stallings (2005). Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles. Pearson: Prentice Hall. p. 6. ↩

3. Dhotre, I.A. (2009). Operating Systems. Technical Publications. p. 1. ↩

4. “Operating System Market Share Worldwide”. StatCounter Global Stats. Retrieved 20 December 2024. ↩

5. Silberschatz, Abraham; Galvin, Peter B.; Gagne, Greg (2005). “VII. Special-Purpose Systems”. Operating System Concepts (Seventh ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-69466-3. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021. ↩

6. “Special-Purpose Operating Systems - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems - English”. www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021. ↩

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