❪◑❫ Standard Streams ○

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• ❪֎ₐ;❫ Standard Streams ○ ❂
• Standard Error (stderr) ○ ✧
• Standard Input (stdin) ○ ✧
• Standard Output (stdout) ○ ✧

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❪◑❫ Standard Streams ○｜Definition｜1st｜20260927112549-00-⌔

Standard streams - Wikipedia

Standard streams

In computer programming, standard streams are preconnected input and output communication channels¹ between a computer program and its environment when it begins execution. The three input/output (I/O) connections are called standard input (stdin), standard output (stdout) and standard error (stderr). Originally I/O happened via a physically connected system console (input via keyboard, output via monitor), but standard streams abstract this. When a command is executed via an interactive shell, the streams are typically connected to the text terminal on which the shell is running, but can be changed with redirection or a pipeline. More generally, a child process inherits the standard streams of its parent process.

Printed 2026-09-27.

(echo:: @ ᯤ ᯤ ᯤ ᯤ ᯤ)

Footnotes

1. Ritchie, Dennis M. (October 1984). “A Stream Input-Output System” (PDF). AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal. 68 (8): 1897–1910. ↩

Link to original

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