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Primordial Black Hole ○꠹｜Definition｜1st｜20260912181021-00-⌔

Primordial black hole - Wikipedia

Primordial black hole

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In cosmology, primordial black holes (PBHs) are hypothetical black holes that formed soon after the Big Bang. In the inflationary era and early radiation-dominated universe, extremely dense pockets of subatomic matter may have been tightly packed to the point of gravitational collapse, creating primordial black holes without the supernova compression typically needed to make black holes today. Because the creation of primordial black holes would pre-date the first stars, they are not limited to the narrow mass range of stellar black holes.

In 1966, Yakov Zeldovich and Igor Novikov first proposed the existence of such black holes,1 while the first in-depth study was conducted by Stephen Hawking in 1971.2 However, their existence remains hypothetical. In September 2022, primordial black holes were proposed by some researchers to explain the Little red dots, unexpectedly large galaxies formed very early in cosmological time as observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).34

PBHs have long been considered possibly important if not nearly exclusive components of dark matter,5678 the latter perspective having been strengthened by both LIGO/Virgo interferometer gravitational wave and JWST observations.910 Early constraints on PBHs as dark matter usually assumed most black holes would have similar or identical (“monochromatic”) mass, which was disproven by LIGO/Virgo results,111213 and further suggestions that the actual black hole mass distribution is broadly platykurtic were evident from JWST observations of early large galaxies.910 Recent analyses agree, suggesting a broad mass distribution with a mode around one solar mass.14

Many PBHs may have the mass of an asteroid but the size of a hydrogen atom and be travelling at enormous speeds, with one likely being within the Solar System at any given time. Most likely, such PBHs would pass right through a star “like a bullet”, without any significant effects on the star. However, the ones traveling slowly would have a chance of being captured by the star.15 Stephen Hawking proposed that the Sun may harbor such a PBH.16

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Footnotes

  1. Zel’dovitch & Novikov (14 March 1966). “The Hypothesis of Cores Retarded During Expansion and the Hot Cosmological Model”. Soviet Astronomy. 10 (4): 602–603. Bibcode:1966AZh…43..758Z. ↩

  2. Hawking, Stephen W. (1971). “Gravitationally collapsed objects of very low mass”. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 152: 75. Bibcode:1971MNRAS.152…75H. doi:10.1093/mnras/152.1.75. ↩

  3. Liu, Boyuan; Bromm, Volker (2022-09-27). “Accelerating Early Massive Galaxy Formation with Primordial Black Holes”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 937 (2): L30. arXiv:2208.13178. Bibcode:2022ApJ…937L..30L. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac927f. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 252355487. ↩

  4. Yuan, Guan-Wen; Lei, Lei; Wang, Yuan-Zhu; Wang, Bo; Wang, Yi-Ying; Chen, Chao; Shen, Zhao-Qiang; Cai, Yi-Fu; Fan, Yi-Zhong (2024). “Rapidly growing primordial black holes as seeds of the massive high-redshift JWST Galaxies”. Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. 67 (10) 109512. arXiv:2303.09391. Bibcode:2024SCPMA..6709512Y. doi:10.1007/s11433-024-2433-3. ↩

  5. Frampton, Paul H.; Kawasaki, Masahiro; Takahashi, Fuminobu; Yanagida, Tsutomu T. (22 April 2010). “Primordial Black Holes as All Dark Matter”. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2010 (4): 023. arXiv:1001.2308. Bibcode:2010JCAP…04..023F. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2010/04/023. ISSN 1475-7516. S2CID 119256778. ↩

  6. Villanueva-Domingo, Pablo; Mena, Olga; Palomares-Ruiz, Sergio (2021). “A Brief Review on Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter”. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. 8 681084: 87. arXiv:2103.12087. Bibcode:2021FrASS…8…87V. doi:10.3389/fspas.2021.681084. ISSN 2296-987X. ↩

  7. Green, Anne M.; Kavanagh, Bradley J. (1 April 2021). “Primordial black holes as a dark matter candidate”. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 48 (4): 043001. arXiv:2007.10722. Bibcode:2021JPhG…48d3001G. doi:10.1088/1361-6471/abc534. ISSN 0954-3899. S2CID 220666201. Retrieved 17 August 2023. ↩

  8. Lacki, Brian C.; Beacom, John F. (12 August 2010). “Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter: Almost All or Almost Nothing”. The Astrophysical Journal. 720 (1): L67–L71. arXiv:1003.3466. Bibcode:2010ApJ…720L..67L. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/720/1/L67. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 118418220. ↩

  9. Hütsi, Gert; Raidal, Martti; Urrutia, Juan; Vaskonen, Ville; Veermäe, Hardi (2 February 2023). “Did JWST observe imprints of axion miniclusters or primordial black holes?”. Physical Review D. 107 (4) 043502. arXiv:2211.02651. Bibcode:2023PhRvD.107d3502H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.107.043502. S2CID 253370365. ↩ ↩2

  10. Bird, Simeon; Albert, Andrea; Dawson, Will; Ali-Haïmoud, Yacine; Coogan, Adam; Drlica-Wagner, Alex; Feng, Qi; Inman, Derek; Inomata, Keisuke; Kovetz, Ely; Kusenko, Alexander; Lehmann, Benjamin V.; Muñoz, Julian B.; Singh, Rajeev; Takhistov, Volodymyr; Tsai, Yu-Dai (1 August 2023). “Primordial black hole dark matter”. Physics of the Dark Universe. 41 101231. arXiv:2203.08967. Bibcode:2023PDU…4101231B. doi:10.1016/j.dark.2023.101231. ISSN 2212-6864. S2CID 247518939. ↩ ↩2

  11. Espinosa, J. R.; Racco, D.; Riotto, A. (23 March 2018). “A Cosmological Signature of the Standard Model Higgs Vacuum Instability: Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter”. Physical Review Letters. 120 (12) 121301. arXiv:1710.11196. Bibcode:2018PhRvL.120l1301E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.121301. PMID 29694085. S2CID 206309027. ↩

  12. Clesse, Sebastien; García-Bellido, Juan (2018). “Seven Hints for Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter”. Physics of the Dark Universe. 22: 137–146. arXiv:1711.10458. Bibcode:2018PDU…22..137C. doi:10.1016/j.dark.2018.08.004. S2CID 54594536. ↩

  13. Kashlinsky, A. (23 May 2016). “LIGO gravitational wave detection, primordial black holes and the near-IR cosmic infrared background anisotropies”. The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (2): L25. arXiv:1605.04023. Bibcode:2016ApJ…823L..25K. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/823/2/L25. ISSN 2041-8213. S2CID 118491150. ↩

  14. Carr, B. J.; Clesse, S.; García-Bellido, J.; Hawkins, M. R. S.; Kühnel, F. (26 February 2024). “Observational evidence for primordial black holes: A positivist perspective”. Physics Reports. 1054: 1–68. arXiv:2306.03903. Bibcode:2024PhR..1054…1C. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.005. ISSN 0370-1573. See Figure 39. ↩

  15. “Atom-size black holes from the dawn of time could be devouring stars from the inside out, new research suggests”. Live Science. 21 December 2023. ↩

  16. Bellinger, Earl P.; Caplan, Matt E.; Ryu, Taeho; Bollimpalli, Deepika; Ball, Warrick H.; Kühnel, Florian; Farmer, R.; De Mink, S. E.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen (2023). “Solar Evolution Models with a Central Black Hole”. The Astrophysical Journal. 959 (2): 113. arXiv:2312.06782. Bibcode:2023ApJ…959..113B. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad04de. ↩