Electron ❍｜appendage｜___｜20260628155835-01-•

A	B
Hydrogen atomic orbitals at different energy levels. The more opaque areas are where one is most likely to find an electron at any given time.	…
Composition	Elementary particle1
Statistics	Fermionic
Family	Lepton
Generation	First
Interactions	Weak, electromagnetic, gravity
Symbol	e${}^{-}$ ​, β${}^{-}$ ​
Antiparticle	Positron2
Theorized	Richard Laming (1838–1851),3 G. Johnstone Stoney (1874) and others.45
Discovered	J. J. Thomson (1897)6
Mass	9.1093837139(28)×10${}^{-31}$ kg‍7 5.485799090441(97)×10${}^{-4}$ Da‍8 [1822.888486209(53)]${}^{-1}$ Da9 0.51099895069(16) MeV/c${}^2$‍10
Mean lifetime	> 6.6×10${}^{28}$ years (theoretically stable)11
Electric charge	−1 e −1.602176634×10${}^{-19}$ C‍12
Magnetic moment	−9.2847646917(29)×10${}^{-24}$ J⋅T${}^{-1}$‍13 −1.00115965218046(18) μ${}_B$‍14
Spin	⁠ 1 /2⁠ ħ
Weak isospin	LH: −⁠ 1 /2⁠, RH: 0
Weak hypercharge	LH: −1, RH: −2

Electron

(echo:: @ ᯤ)

Footnotes

1. Eichten, E.J.; Peskin, M.E.; Peskin, M. (1983). “New Tests for Quark and Lepton Substructure”. Physical Review Letters. 50 (11): 811–814. Bibcode:1983PhRvL..50..811E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.811. OSTI 1446807. S2CID 119918703. ↩

2. The positron is occasionally called the ‘anti-electron’. ↩

3. Farrar, W.V. (1969). “Richard Laming and the Coal-Gas Industry, with His Views on the Structure of Matter”. Annals of Science. 25 (3): 243–254. doi:10.1080/00033796900200141. ↩

4. Arabatzis, T. (2006). Representing Electrons: A Biographical Approach to Theoretical Entities. University of Chicago Press. pp. 70–74, 96. ISBN 978-0-226-02421-9. Archived from the original on 2021-01-07. Retrieved 2020-08-25. ↩

5. Buchwald, J.Z.; Warwick, A. (2001). Histories of the Electron: The Birth of Microphysics. MIT Press. pp. 195–203. ISBN 978-0-262-52424-7. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2020-08-25. ↩

6. Thomson, J.J. (1897). “Cathode Rays”. Philosophical Magazine. 44 (269): 293–316. Bibcode:1897LEDPM..44..293T. doi:10.1080/14786449708621070. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2022-02-24. ↩

7. “2022 CODATA Value: electron mass”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩

8. “2022 CODATA Value: electron mass in u”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩

9. The fractional version’s denominator is the inverse of the decimal value (along with its relative standard uncertainty of 2.9 × 10${}^{-11}$). ↩

10. “2022 CODATA Value: electron mass energy equivalent in MeV”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩

11. For discussion and sources see Electron#Lifetime ↩

12. “2022 CODATA Value: elementary charge”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩

13. “2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩

14. “2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩