Proton ❍｜appendage｜___｜20260628174208-01-•

A	B
The valence quark content of a proton. The color assignment of individual quarks is arbitrary, but all three colors must be present. Forces between quarks are mediated by gluons.	…
Classification	Baryon
Composition	2 up quarks (u), 1 down quark (d)
Statistics	Fermionic
Family	Hadron
Interactions	Gravity, electromagnetic, weak, strong
Symbol	p, p${}^{+}$ ​, N${}^{+}$ ​, ${}^1$ ${}_1$H${}^{+}$ ​
Antiparticle	Antiproton
Theorized	William Prout (1815)
Discovered	Observed as H${}^{+}$ by Eugen Goldstein (1886). Identified in other nuclei (and named) by Ernest Rutherford (1917–1920).
Mass	1.67262192595(52)×10${}^{-27}$ kg‍1 1.0072764665789(83) Da‍2 938.27208943(29) MeV/c${}^2$‍3
Mean lifetime	> 0.96×10${}^{30}$ years4 (stable)
Electric charge	+1 e
Charge radius	0.84075(64) fm5
Electric dipole moment	< 2.1×10${}^{-25}$ e⋅cm6
Electric polarizability	0.00112(4) fm${}^3$
Magnetic moment	1.41060679545(60)×10${}^{-26}$ J⋅T${}^{-1}$‍7 0.00152103220230(45) μ${}_B$8 2.79284734463(82) μ${}_N$9
Magnetic polarizability	1.9(5)×10${}^{-4}$ fm${}^3$
Spin	⁠1/2⁠ ħ
Isospin	⁠1/2⁠
Parity	+1
Condensed	I(J${}^P$) = ⁠1/2⁠(⁠1/2⁠${}^{+}$)

Proton

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Footnotes

1. “2022 CODATA Value: proton mass”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩

2. “2022 CODATA Value: proton mass in u”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩

3. “2022 CODATA Value: proton mass energy equivalent in MeV”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩

4. S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024) and 2025 update. p ↩

5. “2022 CODATA Value: proton rms charge radius”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩

6. Sahoo, B. K. (2017-01-17). “Improved limits on the hadronic and semihadronic $CP$ violating parameters and role of a dark force carrier in the electric dipole moment of${}^{199}\mathrm{Hg}$”. Physical Review D. 95 (1) 013002. arXiv:1612.09371. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.013002. S2CID 119344894. ↩

7. “2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩

8. “2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩

9. “2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18. ↩