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JavaScript ○˒｜Definition｜1st｜20251119205401-00-⌔

JavaScript - Wikipedia

JavaScript

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JavaScript (JS)1 is a programming language and core technology of the Web, alongside HTML and CSS. Created by Brendan Eich in 1995,[^6] it is maintained by Ecma International’s TC39 technical committee,2 with related Web APIs maintained by W3C and WHATWG.3 As of 2025, JavaScript is the most widely used programming language on GitHub.45

Web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine that executes the client code. These engines are also utilized in some servers and a variety of apps. The most popular runtime system for non-browser usage is Node.js.6

JavaScript is a high-level, often just-in-time–compiled language that conforms to the ECMAScript standard.7 It has dynamic typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class functions. It is multi-paradigm, supporting event-driven, functional, and imperative programming styles. It has application programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expressions, standard data structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM).

The ECMAScript standard does not include any input/output (I/O), such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities. In practice, the web browser or other runtime system provides JavaScript APIs for I/O.

Although Java and JavaScript are similar in name and syntax, the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design.

Printed 2026-06-28.

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Footnotes

  1. /ˈdʒɑːvəskrɪpt/ ↩

  2. “TC39 - Specifying JavaScript”. tc39.es. Retrieved 25 April 2026. ↩

  3. “JavaScript technologies overview - JavaScript | MDN”. MDN Web Docs. 27 October 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2026. ↩

  4. Figure includes TypeScript, a strict syntactical superset of JavaScript that compiles to JavaScript. GitHub’s 2025 Octoverse report groups the two languages together when measuring combined usage. ↩

  5. GitHub (28 October 2025). “Octoverse 2025: A new developer joins GitHub every second as AI leads TypeScript to #1”. The GitHub Blog. Chart: “JavaScript & TypeScript have the largest combined usage”. Retrieved 25 April 2026. ↩

  6. “Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025”. Stack Overflow. Retrieved 10 October 2025. ↩

  7. “ECMAScript 2020 Language Specification”. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ↩

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