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Blackbody Radiation ○｜Definition｜1st｜20251119205401-00-⌔
Black-body radiation - Wikipedia
Black-body radiation
Black-body radiation is the thermal electromagnetic radiation emitted from a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment. A black body is an idealized opaque and non-reflective body. The radiation emitted is a continuous spectrum over all possible radiation wavelengths that depends only on the body’s temperature.1234
A perfectly-insulated enclosure which is in thermal equilibrium internally contains black-body radiation and will emit it through a hole made in its wall, provided the hole is small enough to have a negligible effect upon the equilibrium. The thermal radiation spontaneously emitted by many ordinary objects can be approximated as black-body radiation.
Of particular importance, although planets and stars (including the Earth and Sun) are neither in thermal equilibrium with their surroundings nor perfect black bodies, black-body radiation is still a good first approximation for the energy they emit.5
A black body at room temperature (23 °C (296 K; 73 °F)) radiates mostly in the infrared spectrum, which cannot be perceived by the human eye,6 but can be sensed by some reptiles. As the object increases in temperature to about 500 °C (773 K; 932 °F), the emission spectrum gets stronger and extends into the human visual range, and the object appears dull red. As its temperature increases further, it emits more and more orange, yellow, green, and then blue light (and ultimately beyond violet, ultraviolet).
The term black body was introduced by Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860.7 Black-body radiation is also called thermal radiation, cavity radiation, complete radiation or temperature radiation.
Printed 2026-06-28.
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Link to original Footnotes
Loudon 2000, Chapter 1. ↩
Mandel & Wolf 1995, Chapter 13. ↩
Kondepudi & Prigogine 1998, Chapter 11. ↩
Landsberg 1990, Chapter 13. ↩
Ian Morison (2008). Introduction to Astronomy and Cosmology. J Wiley & Sons. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-470-03333-3. ↩
Partington, J.R. (1949), p. 466. ↩
From (Kirchhoff, 1860) (Annalen der Physik und Chemie), p. 277: *“Der Beweis, welcher für die ausgesprochene Behauptung hier gegeben werden soll, … * vollkommen schwarze *, oder kürzer * schwarze , nennen.” (The proof, which shall be given here for the proposition stated[above], rests on the assumption that bodies are conceivable which in the case of infinitely small thicknesses, completely absorb all rays that fall on them, thus[they] neither reflect nor transmit rays. I will call such bodies “completely black[bodies]” or more briefly “black[bodies]”.) See also (Kirchhoff, 1860) (Philosophical Magazine), p. 2. ↩
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