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dict() ⚬ᵖʸ｜Documentation｜1st｜202510211356-00-⌔

Built-in Types — Python 3 documentation#dict

class dict(﹡﹡kwargs)

class dict(mapping,/, ﹡﹡kwargs)

class dict(iterable,/, ﹡﹡kwargs)

Return a new dictionary initialized from an optional positional argument and a possibly empty set of keyword arguments.

Dictionaries can be created by several means:

• Use a comma-separated list of key: value pairs within braces: {'jack': 4098, 'sjoerd': 4127} or {4098: 'jack', 4127: 'sjoerd'}
• Use a dict comprehension: {}, {x: x ﹡﹡ 2 for x in range(10)}
• Use the type constructor: dict(), dict([('foo', 100), ('bar', 200)]), dict(foo=100, bar=200)

If no positional argument is given, an empty dictionary is created. If a positional argument is given and it defines a keys() method, a dictionary is created by calling __getitem__() on the argument with each returned key from the method. Otherwise, the positional argument must be an iterable object. Each item in the iterable must itself be an iterable with exactly two elements. The first element of each item becomes a key in the new dictionary, and the second element the corresponding value. If a key occurs more than once, the last value for that key becomes the corresponding value in the new dictionary.

If keyword arguments are given, the keyword arguments and their values are added to the dictionary created from the positional argument. If a key being added is already present, the value from the keyword argument replaces the value from the positional argument.

Dictionaries compare equal if and only if they have the same (key, value) pairs (regardless of ordering). Order comparisons (‘<’, ‘<=’, ‘>=’, ‘>’) raise TypeError. To illustrate dictionary creation and equality, the following examples all return a dictionary equal to {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}:

>>> a = dict(one=1, two=2, three=3)
>>> b = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3}
>>> c = dict(zip(['one', 'two', 'three'], [1, 2, 3]))
>>> d = dict([('two', 2), ('one', 1), ('three', 3)])
>>> e = dict({'three': 3, 'one': 1, 'two': 2})
>>> f = dict({'one': 1, 'three': 3}, two=2)
>>> a == b == c == d == e == f
True

Providing keyword arguments as in the first example only works for keys that are valid Python identifiers. Otherwise, any valid keys can be used.

Dictionaries preserve insertion order. Note that updating a key does not affect the order. Keys added after deletion are inserted at the end.

>>> d = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3, "four": 4}
>>> d
{'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4}
>>> list(d)
['one', 'two', 'three', 'four']
>>> list(d.values())
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> d["one"] = 42
>>> d
{'one': 42, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4}
>>> del d["two"]
>>> d["two"] = None
>>> d
{'one': 42, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'two': None}

Changed in version 3.7: Dictionary order is guaranteed to be insertion order. This behavior was an implementation detail of CPython from 3.6.

Dictionaries are generic over two types, signifying (respectively) the types of the dictionary’s keys and values.

These are the operations that dictionaries support (and therefore, custom mapping types should support too):

Printed 2026-06-28.

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