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Feedback ○｜Definition｜1st｜20251119205401-00-⌔
Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop.1 The system can then be said to feed back into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems:
Simple causal reasoning about a feedback system is difficult because the first system influences the second and second system influences the first, leading to a circular argument. This makes reasoning based upon cause and effect tricky, and it is necessary to analyze the system as a whole. As provided by Webster, feedback in business is the transmission of evaluative or corrective information about an action, event, or process to the original or controlling source.2
— Karl Johan Åström and Richard M. Murray, Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers3
Printed 2026-06-28.
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Link to original Footnotes
Andrew Ford (2010). “Chapter 9: Information feedback and causal loop diagrams”. Modeling the Environment. Island Press. pp. 99 ff. ISBN 978-1-61091-425-3. This chapter describes causal loop diagrams to portray the information feedback at work in a system. The word causal refers to cause-and-effect relationships. The word loop refers to a closed chain of cause and effect that creates the feedback. ↩
“feedback”. MerriamWebster. Retrieved 1 January 2022. ↩
Karl Johan Åström; Richard M. Murray (2008). “§1.1: What is feedback?”. Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. Princeton University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4008-2873-9. Online version found here. ↩
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